Kirkpatrick Model: Its Limitations as Used in Higher Education Evaluation

One of the widely known evaluation models adapted to education is Kirkpatrick model. However, this model has limitations when used by evaluators especially in complex environment higher education. Addressing scarcity a collective effort on discussing these limitations, review paper aims present descriptive analysis ?eld. Three themes were found out: propensity towards use lower levels model; rigidity wich leaves out other essential aspects evaluand; and paucity evidence causal chains among levels. It suggested that, employing education, should address considering more appropriate methods, integrating contextual inputs framework, establishing relationships These suggestions are discussed at end study.